Sound technical content, curated with aloha by
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, NJ
The authoritative public forum
for Metal Finishing since 1989
-----
Why is this penny silver?
Quickstart:
It is so easy to plate pennies with zinc that elementary school children do it regularly. And pennies have also been plated with nickel, silver, or gold as novelty giveaways, possibly by the millions. Virtually all such strangely colored pennies are worthless. Still, there do exist super-rare minting errors which might be valuable.
Q. I have a 2004 silver penny
Joshua Brown
- Lafollette Tennessee
April 24, 2024
Silver Pennies
on eBay
(affil link)
Q. I found a 1997 penny in Arab goodwill store. It was on a shelf of an entertainment center, shining so beautifully I was amazed. It looked silverfish gold-tone. No mint mark. Foes anyone out there have any answers
BarbarahannHobbies. - Cullman Alabama
July 15, 2024
⇩ Related postings, oldest first ⇩
Quickstart:
Until 1943, pennies were made of solid copper.
For 1943, due to WW2 copper shortages, they were made of zinc plated steel.
In 1944 the mint returned to solid copper and stayed with copper until 1983.
In 1983 the mint switched to making pennies from copper plated zinc blanks.
Q. So I have a 1970 penny that is zinc coated; you are saying these are not minted by the government?
Cheri M [last name deleted for privacy by Editor]- Taylor , Michigan
2001
Ed. note: The penny was doubtless minted by the government; the zinc coating was probably added by someone else.
A. I don't know what the U.S. government might mint in terms of commemorative coins, Cheri, but there was certainly no zinc plated coin designed for general circulation since WWII. Where did you get it?
Ted Mooney, P.E.
Striving to live Aloha
finishing.com - Pine Beach, New Jersey
Q. I also have a silver colored (zinc?) 1970 penny. Do you know what this is?
John T [last name deleted for privacy by Editor]- Miami, Florida
2002
A. It is very easy to zinc plate a penny, as we describe on this site, John. With tens of thousands of students zinc plating them for science projects, I think that's the most likely source of the coin you found, although not the only possible explanation.
Ted Mooney, P.E.
Striving to live Aloha
finishing.com - Pine Beach, New Jersey
This meeting place welcomes Q&As, photos, history, & interesting tidbits -- but it's not a consultancy.
Please engage with others
• When people show interest in each other's situations, the forum is informative, and fun too !
• If people post their own question but show no interest in others', it can quickly become a long string of unanswered questions
Q. I received a silver coin the size of a dime but it has the maple leaf on one side and the queens head on the other; it is a 1977 coin. Any idea as to why it would be silver? It is Canadian.
El M [last name deleted for privacy by Editor]- Canada
2003
A. Hi, El. What metal are coins of that denomination usually made of?
Regards,
Ted Mooney, P.E.
Striving to live Aloha
finishing.com - Pine Beach, New Jersey
Q. My friend found a 1984 penny made of either zinc or silver--I would like some more info please--or if you can direct me to another site---thank you---
Trevor T [last name deleted for privacy by Editor]- Mandeville, Louisiana
2003
A. Actually, the silver pennies made by science students turn gold when they are heated on a hot plate. My daughter has made several of them in AP chemistry. I have a silver penny that was found with a bunch of change in a garage and it does not turn gold when heated. We have also sanded the edge of the coin to get to the copper underside and there is no copper underside.
Melissa W [last name deleted for privacy by Editor]- Lowell, Arkansas
2003
A. We collect "silver pennies", or cents minted on dime blanks. Some of the questions sound like folks who have found such "errors". These are scarce but not rare, we are collecting them by date.
Bill Anderson- Durham, North Carolina
2004
Q. Does anyone know whether or not if you keep heating the golden penny if it will eventually turn back to its original state? Or how you can find out that it is not real gold?
Jamie S.- Sche'dy. New York
2007
A. We collect "silver pennies", or cents minted on dime blanks. Some of the questions sound like folks who have found such "errors". These are scarce but not rare, we are collecting them by date.
Bill Anderson- Durham, North Carolina
2004
Q. I also have found a penny that looks silver, nickel, or zinc. How do you tell if it is from a dime or nickel blank? I have seen others who have had the 1970 year with D (Denver) mint on them. How do we know what we have? The Dr.
Dr. Eric Tramel- South Bend, Indiana
2004
A. In the mid 80's the US gov began production of zinc pennies with a copper coating or copper like coating. Its possible that the copper coating was removed, resulting in a silver looking coin.
Brian Chip- San Mateo, California
2006
Ed. note: Yes, it was 1983. Pennies before 1983 were solid copper; pennies after 1983 are copper plated zinc.
Q. I have recently stumbled upon a penny from 1993 that is like the 1943 zinc pennies it is very clear that it is not a copper penny I have removed some of the corrosion on it to make sure that it is not copper but I have not found any additional information about any type of coins other than the zinc 1943 penny that was done in this way if you have any suggestions for me on what I should do.
Jessica Whetstonecollector - La Vista, Nebraska
2004
Ed. note: the zinc plated steel pennies were 1943, Jessica. I would bet that any coin store would be pleased to instantly tell you whether you have a collectible coin vs. a coin that was electroplated for a science project.
Q. I found a silver 1993 penny. I have looked at it carefully and it is exactly like a regular penny except it's color. At first glance I though it was a dime. It doesn't seemed to be tampered with like dipped in another color or anything. It's barely scratched. I was wondering if it was real and could it be worth anything?
Christina F.Student - Murfreesboro, Tennessee
2004
Ed. note: Ed. note: We have also covered this 'silver penny' question on threads 9504, 19105, and 35852. Please read those other letters as well. There's probably little point in posting highly duplicative questions though, folks.
Q. A friend told me today, he was given a 1995 penny that had no copper on it. He was told that these were supposed to be caught before they made it to the banks, however some do slip through. We live in a one horse cow town so going to a major city is an adventure. He doesn't want to mail it off to a stranger for fear the exact coin may not be returned. Can anyone point me in some direction? Robin
Robin Ann McClelland- Scio, Ohio
2007
A. We've described numerous ways that coins can have a different than normal appearance, Robin: school children electroplate hundreds of thousands, maybe millions of them; hobbyists often patinate them; novelty companies have hundreds of thousands of them professionally stripped or electroplated for promotional giveaways, and they can be discolored by heat and the elements. I'd guess that 99.9999 percent are completely worthless. Still, it's possible of course for a penny coin blank to be missing it's copper plating. I would guess that, before they are stamped, countless thousands are misplated. So then these blanks are inspected, and it is obviously necessary that the inspection cost no more than one hour of labor for every quarter million pennies or so. So do any slip through? Probably. Is there any chance that it would be worth a dollar or more? I suppose it's vaguely possible but I personally wouldn't pay more than a dime for it. Put it on eBay or give it to a child as a novelty :-)
Ted Mooney, P.E.
Striving to live Aloha
finishing.com - Pine Beach, New Jersey
Q. I just wanted to say I too have a zinc like 1970D...but will file it down to see if its copper...but if it's not...what should I do next?
Corina C [last name deleted for privacy by Editor]student - Los Angeles, California
December 5, 2008
A. Hi, Corina. The odds are very tiny that a zinc penny is valuable because so many pennies have been plated with zinc. But once you file it down, it is worthless :-)
Step 1 is always to take it to somebody who knows something about coins.
Alternately, put it away for your old age, by which time it may be worth something, or maybe over the course of your life you'll become friends with a coin expert :-)
Good luck and Regards,
Ted Mooney, P.E.
Striving to live Aloha
finishing.com - Pine Beach, New Jersey
Q. Hey, I am a freshman in high school and I was looking through some of my coins I have and I noticed a 1993 penny with a small face of jkf I think. I don't know if it is fake or not but I have heard there were ones like this in 1974 I think.
Abe D [last name deleted for privacy by Editor]Student - Colorado Springs, Colorado
December 14, 2008
A. Hi, Abe. These stamps are applied by 3rd parties. Not much different than the penny arcade machines where, for a quarter, you can emboss your penny. They are of no value to a collector but some people have listed them for sale for $1. That certainly doesn't mean you'll find a buyer at a dollar though. Good luck.
Regards,
Ted Mooney, P.E.
Striving to live Aloha
finishing.com - Pine Beach, New Jersey
Q. My name is w.a. sutton, sitting at home in beautiful western N.C. My question is "none of the four local coin shops can (or will) give me a straight answer on a coin I have". The coin in reference is a 1993 severely double die penny both obverse and reverse. I have searched www.coppercoins.com as well as the cherry pickers guide to no avail. I've had coin collectors look at this coin which all thought it was a unique coin. Any guidance at all would be greatly appreciated. THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR TIME AND MAY GOD BLESS.
Wade Suttonhobbyist - Waynesville, North Carolina
April 3, 2009
A. Hi, Wade. This is a metal finishing site rather than a coin collecting site, and we don't have a picture of the coin you're speaking of. Good luck with your find, it's interesting. But you know it's a 1993 penny, that it's double died on both sides, that four coin shops haven't seen a coin like it, and that local coin collectors find it unusual. Sorry if I'm being dense, but I don't see how the readers will be able to help. Sorry.
Regards,
Ted Mooney, P.E.
Striving to live Aloha
finishing.com - Pine Beach, New Jersey
Q. I am a cashier and I recently came across a silver penny while at work. It is from 1957 and is in excellent condition. The silver is almost the same shade as newer quarters. Here lately, we have had customers come in with coins from their private collections, cashing them in to buy things. I just want to know if this may be a misprint or if it is a fake.
Mickelle Cooper- Mowrystown, Ohio
April 28, 2009
Q. Hi my name is Kelly and I live in Saltlake City Ut. My husband came back with a big gulp and a silver present penny from the local 7-11 this morning. The penny is a 1989 very light weight with a present with a bow where the mint mark should be. Just wondering if this coin is a gimmick or if it is real? Thanks Kelly
Kelly Livingston- Saltlake City Utah, USA
July 14, 2009
A. Hi; it's a gimmick coin, Kelly.
You can treat such coins like discarded lottery tickets you find on the street. Sure, it's possible that someone had a winning ticket, misread it, and threw it away . . . but not very likely :-)
When you add in that they stamped a bow imprint into this penny you know for sure that it was not the mint that did it.
Regards,
Ted Mooney, P.E.
Striving to live Aloha
finishing.com - Pine Beach, New Jersey
Q. I see a bunch of pennies year 2000+ on eBay missing their copper, selling for $40 or more apiece. One seller has sold about 10 of these "rare" pennies in the last year. While I am almost certain that these are fakes, perhaps the posters on this thread might like to try their chance at making a huge profit...lol
Perry Bowman- Baltimore, Maryland
January 1, 2010
Hi, Perry. Considering that all pennies were solid copper until 1982, I'm a little suspicious myself of the currently-listed 1980 eBay penny that is "missing its copper plating" :-)
Regards,
Ted Mooney, P.E.
Striving to live Aloha
finishing.com - Pine Beach, New Jersey
Q. I have found a silver colored penny from 1996. It has a slightly gold tint at the top on the back side of the penny, but it can be scratched off with my fingernail. What could it be made of?
Lindsey Nash- Logansport, Indiana
May 19, 2010
A. We have been finding a few silver looking pennies in our work place, a grocery store... To me the coins are plated
Fred McConnell- Miami Beach, Florida, USA
October 12, 2010
Q. Hello, I found a copper penny on one side 1946, and what seems to be a silver coin (dime?) on the other side dated 1910...with a queen or woman... not Susan B. Have I found something unique or a science project?
Simone Ratley- Spring Hill, Florida USA
December 6, 2010
Q. My name is Tim and from the Portland, Oregon area. While losing all my coins, little by little throughout the night before Xmas playing pool with my son, I came across a 1982 penny lacking a mint mark, that seemed off color and not that of the usual color; copper.
Today I've cleaned it up a little under the sink's faucet and noticed it to be "off" alignment and I'm unable to locate the mint stamp. The "in God we trust" lettering is riding really high up at the top edge while Lincoln's bottom edge is riding up off the edge.
The color is not copper but a nice dull silver/light grayish tone.
I've looked all over both sides and unable to find the mint letter stamped into either side. I found 4 other pennies and the stamp for the mint letter is below the date.
Thought it to be strange so posted here...
Just looking for answers...home owner - Portland area. Oregon
January 4, 2011
Q. I have a 1977 penny; it's copper, however it's blank on the back, I've never seen one like it, Have You? Wondering if anyone has any idea on this penny.
Angie Williams- Asheville, North Carolina
November 28, 2011
This meeting place welcomes Q&As, photos, history, & interesting tidbits -- but it's not a consultancy.
Please engage with others
• When people show interest in each other's situations, the forum is informative, and fun too !
• If people post their own question but show no interest in others', it can quickly become a long string of unanswered questions
Q. I have a silver colored penny with slight traces of a copper color on the outside edge and no mint mark. I place it on a magnet but there was no attraction. Would you be so kind as to tell me why?
Sincerely,
- Ft. Lauderdale
December 13, 2011
Q. I have a silver colored penny, it's very very shiny, the year is 1974 D. Can't seem to find any info on it.
Nicholas Stitzel- Hamilton, Ohio, USA
January 12, 2012
Q. I have a couple of zinc/zinc coated 1970D pennies, and also a zinc/zinc coated 1975D penny. They are all uncirculated and I've stored them in protective containers since that time. I recall getting them as some kind of promotional thing when I was a kid. They were attached to a piece of paper with glue. I wish I had not removed the paper, but I did, so now I have no idea where they came from or their significance. I was living in Tulsa at the time, so it might have been a local thing. My dad was working for Mellon bank at the time, and I think he brought them home from a convention of some kind.
I just thought they were cool and have preserved them.
- Heath, Texas, USA
February 28, 2012
Q. I worked for a bank for 38 years and in 1977, I was wrapping new pennies from the mint we had just received. I happened to look in the hopper and noticed a silver plated coin. (I thought it was a dime and was thinking how a dime got in with the new pennies) It was a penny in with the other new mint copper pennies. I showed it to my fellow employees and the President of the Bank. I have been trying for years to get information on this coin but, I have never been able to find anything. Can you shed any light on my coin? I have kept it in my vault since 1977!
Jimmy
- Winchester, Virginia
April 10, 2012
Q. Hi my name is bob; found a 1984 quarter with no facing on it. It is either zinc or copper never have seen anything like it. Hope to find information on it, and value of it.
Bob Hopkins- St.louis, Missouri
July 9, 2012
Q. I have a 1960 silver penny. I had for over 35 years now. I was just wondering if it was worth anything?
will beatty- canada
June 4, 2013
!! There are 2 years that pennies were silver in color. These were made during the war and, for lack of copper due to the war and making bullets out of copper, these were made. Any penny collection book will have a place to put this penny in. Whoever has been posting these are fake needs to go look at the 2 years they were silver in color. Don't know what they were made of, maybe silver but I doubt it, probably zinc. These 2 years that these were made makes them cool but probably not worth much. Anyone with a penny collection book will see the 2 years that you snap the penny in its spot. I would tell you which years if my coin collection were here and not in the safe deposit box with the coins that are of value. The two years they were made is in the wheat time I believe (40's maybe). I think they are zinc. I do have a 1988 penny colored silver penny with the present on it, which is very light. I don't even keep it with the coin collection, but I agree that it is not rare but some sort of promotional thing, and apparently across different years and of mass production Ask an old war vet and I'm sure they will know the dates of real ones for the 2 years.
Gina Shirley- Spring Hill Florida
June 10, 2013
Thanks Gina. The main year was 1943. The pennies are a steel core with zinc plating. I didn't realize that there was a second year, but according to Wikipedia there was an error and there were a few steel cents pressed in 1944, and they are valuable.
Regards,
Ted Mooney, P.E.
Striving to live Aloha
finishing.com - Pine Beach, New Jersey
Q. I had one, and now have two, 1996 P Washington quarters. I have had several coin dealers and others look at them and no one can agree on what exactly they are. Both coins have a space on Washington's eye and nose area that are non existent. Also there are two spots in his hair and ear that are missing. Starting just behind his head are a series of very fine lines that disappear into his head, show up in the spaces in his ear and hair and then again strongly through the areas of his eye and nose. Disappear under the bridge of his nose and then continue again beyond. Please, any feedback would be appreciated.
Santos Luna- Waco Texas U.S.
July 11, 2013
A. I do not believe the silver colored penny isn't worth anything I have one and I have been researching it for awhile and I found a few like it going for $1,000.00 or more. So don't let someone tell you it's not worth anything and say but I will trade you something for it "Just so they like the color". Right.
Lynette McCormick- Houston, Texas, USA
January 5, 2014
Q. I have a 1996 penny that is silver on the front and copper colored on the back is it worth anything
Daniel Lee- Senoia, Georgia, USA
January 18, 2014
Q. I have a 2003 penny that looks to be silver. Very good shape and very shiny; I was wondering the value and why it is "silver". I can't find any info on it.
Shaun Prosise- Mt. Carmel Illinois USA
April 9, 2014
Q. I have a 1966 penny (silver in color) and it is in a little blown glass bottle. Does anyone have any info on this?
Mitchell L Cole- coosbay, Oregon
May 16, 2014
Silver penny 1998
Q. I have a 1998 Silver penny with the A and the M close together and NO copper marks at all. Is this rare and does it have any value?
I also have a 2009 copper penny with a picture of a log cabin on the back of it and Lincoln on the front. Never saw 1 of those before either.
Any info would be appreciated.
- Abington, Massachusetts USA
June 15, 2014
Q. Hi all. I found a silver looking 1968 S Lincoln penny. I got a little ambitious and scratched the rim with a knife. I did not find any copper color whatsoever. Any help would be appreciated. I did see a few pics of plated pennies however mine seems to be same tone even where I scratched it.
- Gig harbor, Washington US
July 5, 2014
Q. I have a 1969 penny that looks silver. A regular 1970 penny weighed 2.5 grams, the silver looking one weighs 3.6 grams -- are these fake? No sign of copper anywhere. Are these worth anything or just face value?
Jeffrey B- ishpeming Michigan USA
December 25, 2014
A. Hi Jeffrey. It is interesting to note that if a penny were made out of silver it would weigh 3.6 grams and that the last U.S. silver coins were made in 1969 -- such that it could be vaguely possible that this coin was accidentally struck on a silver blank instead of a copper blank. In that case it probably would be worth quite a lot. But I've also heard of fraud on the specific subject of 1969 silver pennies -- so I wouldn't get my hopes up too much :-)
Try Archimedes experiment to prove it's really made of a metal heavier than copper before spending any money on certification efforts. Good luck.
P.S.: But there's something wrong with your scale! A 1970 copper penny weighs 3.11 grams because pennies were made of soid copper in those days; it doesn't weigh the 2.5 grams of the copper plated zinc pennies of today.
Regards,
Ted Mooney, P.E.
Striving to live Aloha
finishing.com - Pine Beach, New Jersey
Q. I came across a 1983-d zinc mint-error penny. I've tried doing some research and came up with nothing. I find it to be in very good condition.
Andrew barnhart- Charlotte hall, Maryland, USA
May 28, 2015
Q. I have a 1988 penny thats weighs in at 5.8; looks to be steel has a copper coating on it. Any information you can give me is greatly appreciated.
Richard Groesbeck- glensfalls New York United states
July 24, 2015
A. Hi. Steel is magnetic -- did you check that? Steel is lighter than copper, not heavier, so I can't see how a steel "penny" could weigh almost twice as much as a copper one. I still feel that 99.99+% of "unusual" pennies are worthless, but if you have 10,000 unusual pennies and this is the most unusual one, maybe you've found something :-)
Simple things like making sure you've got the weight exactly right, and determining whether it's magnetic, should be done before you start investing money into having the coin professionally assessed.
Luck and regards,
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Striving to live Aloha
finishing.com - Pine Beach, New Jersey
Q. 2003 silver penny received this as change ... what's the reasoning behind this?
- Whitesville, Kentucky, us
April 11, 2017
A. Hi Cody. Students have been zinc plating copper pennies for science projects by the tens of thousands for decades, so although that is not the only possible explanation, I'd guess it's by far the most probable.
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Striving to live Aloha
finishing.com - Pine Beach, New Jersey
Q. I have a penny which tests at 90%, can you tell me where to find more information?
Looking for information on 1953 silver (90% silver) wheat penny
- Joelton, Tennessee
May 9, 2018
A. Can you give us a little more info on what you mean by "tests at 90%", Barry, i.e., what was your test method? The results from very simple tests can be suspect. If you know someone who works in a scrapyard or a metals warehouse, loan them the penny; they probably have access to a alloy sorter / scrap sorter
⇦ this on
eBay
or
Amazon [affil links] hand-held X-ray fluorescence rig ⇨
which can test it in seconds, and the results from which are probably very reliable.
Luck & Regards,
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Striving to live Aloha
finishing.com - Pine Beach, New Jersey
Q. I have a penny that is copper on one side and silver on the other ... worth anything ?
Kim carr- Temagami Ontario
August 26, 2018
A. Hi Kim. I'm afraid you'd have to take it to a coin dealer to learn much. It is so easy to plate a bit of copper, zinc, or silver onto a penny that countless thousands, maybe millions, of elementary school kids have done it. There's probably no way for us to tell from a picture, or for an amateur to know from a quick look, whether it's a kid's science project or something actually unusual from the mint.
Regards,
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Striving to live Aloha
finishing.com - Pine Beach, New Jersey
Q. I have a silver 2000 penny with no mint Mark just wondering if there is anything special about it?
Greg davidson- Salyersville Kentucky usa
April 24, 2019
Q. I found this penny that looks like silver on front and copper on back.
- Udall, Missouri
February 28, 2022
A. Hi Sherie. The only known 1943D copper penny sold for more than a million dollars, so the odds of this being another one are infinitesimal. The first step is to test it with a magnet; if it is magnetic it is a 1943 steel penny which a child or hobbyist copper plated. If it is not magnetic, meaning it is made of copper or zinc, the next step is to take it to a knowledgable coin shop for further evaluation. Odds are still a hundred million to one that it's not a real 1943D copper penny -- but good luck :-)
Regards,
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Striving to live Aloha
finishing.com - Pine Beach, New Jersey
Q. I've also got an off-color penny. Almost mistook it for a dime. At certain angles, you catch a glimpse of what resembles a copper glow. Also, could you help me identify whatever it may be below Lincoln's shoulder? I noticed it as I was taking the photo. Thanks for any input!
- Lincolnton, North Carolina
March 1, 2022
A. Hi S. I don't really like delivering bad news, yet the truth remains that it is so easy to zinc plate a penny that we have instructions here for 3rd grade school children on how to do it. Hundreds of thousands, maybe millions, of pennies have been zinc plated. I've personally seen silver plated pennies given away at trade shows and fairs more than once..
If readers want to spend more time on this, no problem -- but the odds of finding a penny that is worth even 2¢ are extremely slim.
Your photography skills are terrific, but even still I don't know whether those 3 dots we see below Lincoln's shoulder are a stamper number or what.
Luck & Regards,
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Striving to live Aloha
finishing.com - Pine Beach, New Jersey
A. VDB is the initials of the designer of the obverse side of the Lincoln cent, Victor David Brenner.
Joshua MeisnerProcess Engineer (and long-lapsed numismatist) - Flushing, New York
March 3, 2022
Ed. note: Thanks!
|
Q. I would like to know where to get rid of star notes and fancy serial numbers on bills, world coins and error coins. Could you help? VL Farris- Fort Wayne Indiana August 11, 2023 Star Bills & Fancy Serial Numbers on eBay A. Hi VL, |
This meeting place welcomes Q&As, photos, history, & interesting tidbits -- but it's not a consultancy.
Please engage with others
• When people show interest in each other's situations, the forum is informative, and fun too !
• If people post their own question but show no interest in others', it can quickly become a long string of unanswered questions
Q. I have a 1969 D silver / zinc looking penny. Here's the clincher, it's still sealed in a proof set! So I can clearly assume it's not plated. Not sure if a full coating of copper would wear off if a sealed penny. I'm lost and can't find any info.
- Bloomsbury New Jersey
September 5, 2023
Q. I have a 2000 D penny looks like it's zinc or silver. All 2000D pennies weigh 2.5 g and a silver dime is the same, depending on the year. Just wondering about this coin. If you could help, it would solve my thinking of this coin; thanks for your time.
Blaine domichHobbyist - Illinois
September 13, 2023
A. Davro, a zinc plating shop in Cleveland, Ohio (R.I.P.) used to distribute zinc plated pennies to prospective customers, saying that they could save pennies per pound of plating if they were awarded the plating business. Probably other zinc platers have done the same thing.
Tom Rochester
CTO - Jackson, Michigan, USA
Plating Systems & Technologies, Inc.
September 15, 2023
Q, A, or Comment on THIS thread -or- Start a NEW Thread